Focus on urbanization within India

Focus on urbanization within India urbanisation or the darkshoot of the emergence of cities is a relative term which varies from disk operating system of matter to country. urban gentlemans gentleman non-rural, that is, no agri close, bestock and extractive industries, urban atomic number 18a macrocosm the bea where residents derive substantial amounts of ho riding habithold income from non-rural economic activities focused on a particular townspeople, urban center or group of cities and urbanization being the adjoin by which increasing rest of a countrys people live within urban argonas1. Ironic everyy India is considered less urban as compared to legion(predicate) of the European countries exclusively its acquaintance with urban crashtlements is extremely deep rooted. urbanization is not a new concept for India. India has witnessed polar phases of urbanisation since the bronzy Age. The first phase of urbanization began in the Indus v on the wholeey where Harap pan civilisations flourished surrounded by 2350 B.C. and 1500 B.C. major(ip) towns of this civilization were Harappa, Mohenjordaro, Lothal, Surkotada, Rojdi (Gujarat), Kalibangan (Rajasthan), Banwali (Haryana) and Ropar (Punjab). Some of these towns are in Pakistan now. In the ancient peak of Indian history legion(predicate) other towns flourished and declined at different points of judgment of conviction.During the Vedic period in the north and the Dravidian age in the S placeh this process of urbanization continued and cities standardized Hastinapur, Mathura, Ayodhya, Kapilavastu, Kusinagar, Vaishali, Patliputra, Varanasi, Rajgir, Champa, Ujjain, Mahishamati, Nagarjunakonda, Kancheepuram, Puhar, Uraiuyur, Madurai, Korkai and Vanji fourished. In the Mauryan and Gupta periods waves of urbanization gripped Indian subcontinent and then as the law of nature prescribes left the scattered remains that shut away attract our attention.During the medieval period many other towns and big cities thrived and became birthplace of art, culture and civilization. Making new cities with certain distinguished features was the passion that Delhi Sultans and justly Mughal Badshahs nurtured on a grand scale. New capitals were made that still bandstand as the symbol of their lost glory. The cities which grew and flourished during this period are Ludhiana, Hisar, Bikaner, Jaipur, Jodhpur, Udaipur, Kota, Chittaurgarh, Moradabad, Agra, Jaunpur, Ahmedabad, Indore, Raipur, Aurdfcgabad, Ahmadnagar, Pune, Gulbarga, Bijapur, Vijaynagar, Hyderabad (Golcunda) and Mysore. Cities like Delhi which had a several phases of growth and redevelopment till the time of British is a silent witness to the waves of urbanization that engrossed it from time to time. This practice of renovating the city of Delhi continued after Independence of India in 1947.The British East India company after its arrival contributed remarkably to the urbanization process by creating leash metropolitan part ci ties of Mumbai (Bombay), Kolkata (Calcutta) Chennai (Madras) and a chain of hill stations much(prenominal) as Shimla, Mussoori, Almora, Nainital, Darjeeling, Ooty, Kodaikanal, 85 many much. Besides, steps such as macrocosm of civil lines, beartonments, railways, modern industry and improvements in urban amnesties too reinforced the process of urbanization. urbanization in India has progressed at different paces due to different reasons. Under the colonial rule it was stagnated due to the oppressive policies of the British. After gaining freedom urban state in India has increased fivefold. However, the human body of urbanization and pace at different places imitates the diversity of the Indian world.URBAN DEVELOPMENT AND stinting DEVELOPMENTThere are numerous factors, which might influence the urban complex body part of a country viz. history, topography, natural resources and climate etcetera however, when it comes to explaining the location, coat and growth of urban centers, economic factors turn out to be the around dominating ones. Historically, urbanization has been viewed as an important factor in the arena of economic change. urbanization is intrinsically connected and irrevocably enlaced with the development process, as an essential strand in the contemporary economic system.urbanization is considered as an essential part of a stronger and more s dining table prudence. It helps in improving the living standards the people living all over the world. urbanization is regarded as synonymous with the economic development. The countries in the South Asia that urbanised most rapidly in the latter years of the 20th century are those with the most rapid economic growth2. Most of the worlds largest cities are in the worlds largest economies. Cities and towns besides thrust important roles as centres of artistic, scientific and technological innovation, and of culture and education.In the last half a century urban world in the world and specif ically in Asia has increased principal suming to the culture that many people are getting diverted to non- countrified works. Here is a table showing growth of urban existence in the World, Asia and India-We cannister calculate the average annual growth respect of the urban creation to do a comparative analysis of the process of urbanization all over the world. Lets render a look at the growth rate of urban development from 1970 to 2005.It is clear that India is not lagging behind in the race of urbanization inspite of agony under the colonial rule for virtually three centuries. Moreover we have to consider the fact that India is largely an agricultural country where a huge section of the population is employed in cultivation. This factor not exclusively ensures our self sufficiency in food takings but also solve the problem of employment to a great extent.Today India can boast of being emerged as a strong self sufficient nation even after suffering under the colonial ru le for a long period. Not lone(prenominal) India, but many other Asian countries have established themselves as strong independent nations that can not only sustain themselves but also supply valuable goods to the world. Although most of the Asian countries suffered under the colonial rule till the mid of the 20th century, in 1990, 17 of the 28 largest urban agglomerations in the world were located in Asia. Cities such as Beijing, Bombay, Calcutta, Jakarta, Seoul, Shanghai, Tianjin and Tokyo had a population of close to or above 10 million. Some of these cities even perform key functions in the global preservation and are world class cities. China which is the fastest growing economy in the world has the capacity to surpass America and England in the come up upcoming. So also India which has registered GDP of more than 8 per year.In the table given below we can get a fair opinion how number of metropolitan cities has been increasing in the Asian countries which are classed as t hird world countries by the powerful European and American nations.The united Nations estimates indicate that at mid 1990s, about 43 per cent of the world population lived in urban areas. With the urban population growing dickens and a half times faster than its rural counterpart, the level of urbanization is projected to cross the 50 per cent mark in 2005. unite Nations projections further show that by 2025, more than three- fifth of the world population leave behind live in urban areas (U. N. 1993).According to Dr. Bhagat, on that point are three components of urban growth viz., the natural increase, light up migration and the areal categorization i.e., addition of new towns minus declassification of existing towns. Besides the extension of boundaries of towns also tend to influence the urban growth3. However urbanization is well related to the agricultural surplus and industrialisation. Only when the agricultural system was fit of producing a surplus it was possible to d ivert labour for other activities. Thus, the size of urban population was directly related to the expertness of agricultural production. plain revolution facilitated more people per square miles than hunting and food conference societies. Settled agricultural villages led to teleological advances, which further led to the process of urban development. Gordan Childe lists the features, which define the urban revolution. They are4a) Permanent settlements in ho-hum aggregations,b) Non-agriculturists engaging in specialize functions,c) Taxation and capital accumulation, Public buildings,e) avocation andf) The replacement of kinship by residence at the basis for social status in the community.With the expansion in agricultural production labour can easily be directed towards other sectors of production viz. Non-agricultural vocations which lead to non- rural settlements. These settlements qualify to be called cities or urban areas. The expansion of non-agricultural activities comp rise of industrial units. These units offer large number of vacancies which attract people to the cities leading to urbanisation. The urban growth rate is higher in agricultural states like Punjab and Haryana and states like Maharashtra and Karnataka as compared to rest of the country. The agricultural development, better kindle productivity, rising farm income and limitation in absorption of labour force, all lead to urbanization5.The three great socio-economic revolutions i.e. the industrial revolution, the agrarian revolution and the transport revolution, sparked off other great revolution, the Urban revolution. While the industrial revolution necessitated urbanization, the agrarian and transport revolutions facilitated it. The tremendous improvements in the agrarian section helped industrialization and urbanization by supplying raw material and food. Nevertheless, this was not sufficient for in that respect has to be a satisfactory movement of men and material between the ind ustrial centers and other places. Thus, the hinterland of an industrial urban center depended upon the efficiency of the transport system. Finally, large-scale industrialization resulted in large concentration of production facilities and people.6Industrialization results in increased production and the increased production in turn leads to division of labour. The produce has to be transported from one place to another and put in the market. This requires means of transport, markets, godowns, shops etc. Therefore, wherever there is industrialization, a big labour force is needed.7In other words, industrialization is considered a very factor for urbanisation.After 1991 India has followed a indemnity of economic liberalisation. With this Indian economy is increasingly becoming global. With the emergence of industrial passage, the new telecommunication technology, super highway development and internet exposure, the urban scene in India is going through radical trans governing body. N ew job opportunities are initiation up in the cities. Multinational companies are opening their franchises in Indian cities creating lots of job vacancies for the Indian professionals. This phenomenon is bound to accelerate the urbanisation of more or less of the metropolitan cities. However, there is embedded shortcoming in the process itself. comer of MNCs as these multinational companies are called, will convert some of the Indian cities into Mega cities but it will not bring a boom of urbanisation in India. Only some of the cities which already have better home and amenities will turn a profit from them. Whether we should turn over it as a realise or not is also controversial. Because concentration of these units in some cities will create problems of housing, transport, water and power supply sewage etc. As Dr. Bhagat predicts, small cities will remain neglected and they will not benefit from this rapid industrialisation. Therefore, it will not be correct to think that ur ban growth and rural to urban migration will accelerate in future8.GROWTH OF URBAN existence IN INDIAWith only one one-tenth of her population classified as urban, India entered the twentieth country as under-urbanized. It was only after independence that urbanization started acquiring momentum. In absolute terms, there has been a phenomenon growth in urban population since Independence. Many of Indian urban cities are can compete with any of the cities in the world. unconnected from four metropolitan cities viz. Delhi, Bombay or Mumbai, Calcutta or Kolkata and Madras or Chennai many big cities like Hyderabad, Banglore, Ahmadabad, Hyderabad etc are attracting attention of international traders and entrepreneurs. During the period 1947-2001, urban population has increased from 50 jillion to 285 Million i.e. 27.8 percentage of Indias population lives in urban areas as per 2001 census.The degree of urbanization in India has travel from nearly 11 percent in 1901 to about 30 percent in 2001 i.e. approximately trebling, time the absolute urban population has gone up from nearly 26 to 285 Million i.e. increasing by more than 11 times during that period. The tempo of urbanization had not been uniform crosswise different censual decades rather it has recorded uneven momentum during 1901-2000. In India out of the come up population of 1027 Million as of 1st March, 2001, about 742 Million live in rural areas and 285 Million in urban areas. The net addition of population in rural areas during 1991-2001 has been to the tune of 113 Million while in urban areas it is 6 Million. The percentage decadal growth of population in rural and urban areas during the decade is 17,9 and 31.2 percent individually. The percentage of urban population to the total population of the country stands at27.8. The percentage of urban population to total population in the 1991 Census (including interpolated population of Jammu and Kashmir where Census could not be conducted in 1991) was 2 5.7 percent. Thus, there has been an increase on 2.1 percentage points in the proportion of urban population in the country during 1991-2001.9GROWTH OF URBAN POPULATION IN HARYANAThe Urban population of Haryana was 52.36 lacs in 2001 and is expected 83.43 lacs in 2011. At present the total population of the State is 207.64 lacs and 28% of it live in the Urban areas which is higher then the India total urban population. The number of municipal areas would therefore, increase tremendously requiring rural areas to be declared as municipal areas.10SPECIALISED AGENCIES AND URBAN DEVELOPMENTUrban supplying and development, and cookery of civil amenities such as water supply, and sewerage, prevention of pollution discover some of the basic functions of urban local anesthetic government. But our municipal institutions are alleged to be incapable of performing these functions. The state governments therefore cite specialised agencies such as (i) Improvement Trusts (ii) Housing Boards (ii i) Water total Sewerage Boards (v) Pollution-Control Boards to carry out these functions.The specialized agencies or single object agencies are set up in addition to the existing urban local bodies to provide a specific service in their respective area. Their presence has been extremely beneficial and purposeful taking into account their theatrical role in urban development. The train of these specialised agencies, is highly essential to research the possibilities of analysing their strengths and weaknesses to pull in them vital urban development institutions.HARYANA URBAN DEVELOPMENT mandate (HUDA)Haryana Urban Development Authority (HUDA), a statutory body of Haryana Govt. was effected under the Haryana Urban Development authority Act, 1977. The authority consists of a president (Minister for Town Country Planning and Urban Estates Deptt.), a Vice moderate (Chief Secretary to Govt., Haryana), Chief executive and such other members (not more than 12 but not less than 6) appointed under notification issued from time to time provided that the number of non-official members shall not, at anytime exceed three. The HUDA has various wings, like Urban Branch, Engineering, Town Planning and Architecture, Financial, Legal and Monitoring. The Chief Administrator at the Head-. lodge is the overall incharge and responsible for discharging functions of the Authority assisted by four zonary Administrators, posted at Panchkula, Faridabad, Gurgon, Hisar and one Administrator at H.Q. The Chief Administrator is guided by the polices framed by the Authority headed by the Minister- in-charge (designated as the Chairman of the Authority) of the Town Country Planning Departments, under Section 8 of the HUDA Act, 1977.11REVIEW OF LITERATUREThe literature on urbanization is available in published and unpublished form. This includes public documents, government resolutions, reports of commissions and committees, contribution in specialized journals, papers presented a t various national and international seminars and conference, reports of study teams sponsored by various research institutions both in India and abroad.Datta has talk overed the system of municipal organisation, municipal administrative processes, state- local traffic, municipal finance, organizing and financing urban development, goals of urban planning, urban economic base, urban land values, urban housing, urban community development and grass-root politics as if prevailed in the Pre-74th Amendment period.12Sachdeva has pointed out that urban governments have been decaying. Their execution in providing civic amenities has been dismal. Their supersessions have been rampant. Eminent academicians and seasoned administrators in their respective contributions to this compendium of expressions on various facets of urban government have analysed the causes of this phenomenon, chief among these being their 19th century structure, erosion of their powers by numerosity of special purpo se agencies, financial scarcity, lack of adequately qualified personnel, semipolitical interference etc. They have also made valuable suggestions for restructuring, rejuvenating and revamping the urban Government for rendering them into effective instruments-for grass-root democracy and agencies for development and planning and provision of basic civic services. They all are of the view that the implementation of paper (74th Amendment Act 1992) in letter and spirit will hopefully earn the desired objectives through its main provision of three tier municipal bodies, regular elections, independent state Election and Finance Commission, District Planning Committees etc.13Goel and Dhaliwal discussed the existing, emerging and future problems faced by Urban local self government and come out with constructive suggestions, which can make the life of the people in the city enjoyable in all aspects.14Ray in his book A Short History of Calcutta take up the city in legend, tradition and l iterature, from the British advent, inner structure of the fort, towns and suburbs, its population and the port, as well as its trade. However, the scope of these work is check as far as the process of urbanization is concerned. They take up different aspects of urban history in isolation and do not cover the pattern and processes of urbanization in terms of variations over time. No attempt is made to underline these factors responsible for change either.Grewal in her denominations The strain of Urbanization in the Punjab under Colonial Rule and her doctoral thesis on Urbanization in the Punjab is one of the few works do on the subject of urbanization. Prior to this work the studies related to the share have largely been concerned with individual centers like Amritsar, Sirhind, Patiala and Faridkot and have remained essentially biographical and narrative and as such restricted in scope. This work is a comprehensive study in the urban pattern, urban demography, urban morpholog y, urban functions and urban government. The scope of this work, however, is limited to the developments in the Pre-Independence Punjab.15Gosals two articles special reference point to Punjab are of much relevance for our present study. In the first article the author studies spatial variations in the growth of urban population in each decade and the locational shifts in areas of urban development from decade to decade.16In the here and now article he establishes that the development in agriculture develops smaller towns while industrialization leads to the emergence of large cities or metropolitan areas. However, these studies equalize the fringe of the problem of urbanization as these do not discuss in detail the urbanization process in all regard especially in southern region particularly, after the creation of Haryana. These also exclude the introduction of National Capital region scheme. The first article limits the study upto 1961 while the other goes upto 1981.17K. Prabh a in her book Towns A geomorphologic Analysis A case study of Punjab, find out measures to protection the urban dwellers from problems arising out of the growing population. It covers two important problems of the present Punjab statea) It analyses the structure through the dimensions of demographic, industrial and linkage analysisb) It identifies the hierarchy of Punjab towns. It analyses the town in area and the town as area.Sharma in his Research work, Urban Development in the metropolitan Shadow A case study of Haryana has taken up a study of urban development in the town of Rohtak and its evolution with special reference to its growth after independence due to the resettlement of displaced person from West Punjab and its overall effect on the economic, social and cultural life of the town and its surroundings. He highlights those aspects which have been generated by its location being in close neighbourhood of the swelling urban center of Delhi. This study identifies the li nkage that exists between Rohtak and its surrounding areas. However, its scope is limited as it leaves out the study of other such towns in the State of Haryana.18Sinhas Processes and Patterns of Urban Development A case study of Haryana is an attempt at analyzing and find the possible processes of urban development which have been responsible for the spatial pattern of urban settlement in Haryana. It concentrates on population study, urban- rural relations and the working population. It also presents an analysis of physical growth and functional morphologic zones of select urban places in Haryana. This world does not co-relate the factors that influences the processes of urbanization and excludes a comparative study of the urbanization in Haryana and Punjab. It also ignores the capital region scheme and its impact on the process of urbanization in Haryana.19ChapterisationThe second chapter in this study will focus on the Urban policy and Legislation of HUDA. Here we will discuss about the fundamentals of the urban policy of the Indian union in general and Haryana in particular. The formation of HUDA in 1977 through Haryana Urban Development authority Act, 1977 will be discussed in detail.The third chapter is the Organizational setup of HUDA where we will discuss the establishment of HUDA and the placement of different officials in different cadres. The actual physical set up of HUDA will be the focus of this chapter.The Fourth chapter is Physical and financial performance of HUDA where we will discuss about the actual performance of HUDA in leading Haryana towards urbanisation.The fifth chapter is Accountability of HUDA, where we will look at the responsibilities and liability of HUDA. Indian is a democratic country where all the governmental institutions are ultimately answerable to the public or the people of India if we want to use the constitutional term.The sixth chapter consists of concluding remarks of the study and Suggestions regarding suitable me asures to make Haryana Urban Development Authority more efficient and accountable institution for urban development.